From ancient times, celestial bodies have been used by travelers and scientists for positioning and routing. By developing sciences, it was found that the celestial bodies form an accurate inertial system to use in navigation applications. In this system, each star is considered as a reference point in determining reference coordinate frame of the system. Due to the visibility of the satellite motion trace and the fundamental need to determine and modify satellites’ orbital parameters as well as to identify and locate espial satellites, determining the positional parameters of the satellite is also one of the modern and important applications of vision-based astronomical systems. In the modern vision-based astronomical systems, data collection is done using charge-coupled device (CCD) array. During the process of light collision to the surface of the CCD and then reading and measuring the number of photoelectrons as well as converting them to the digital numbers to store them as grey degree in each pixel, the smallest mistakes that result in lost or added electrons on each pixel can lead to distortion and noise in the image. The process of noise elimination should not only eliminate or reduce the noise but also avoid blurring the image and removing or relocating the edges of the image. To determine the primary orbit of the satellite using an optical method, the streak of the satellite must be extracted accurately because the misdiagnosis of the beginning and end points of the streak directly affects the accuracy of the determined orbit. Therefore, we need to find noise elimination methods that impose the lowest possible effects to the key complications of the astronomical images such as star and satellite streak. In this study, it is attempted to eliminate the noises using diffusion equation and solving it numerically. On the other hand, to identify the accurate position of the edges, the gradient is calculated by through convoluting the main image by the Gaussian filter. In this study, a numerical method is used to solve diffusion equation. Heat diffusion equation is an iteration-based method. It is obvious that the more the paces and iterations in the equation, the smoother the image. This factor must be chosen such that the image brightness does not exceed the main range. For this purpose, the noise must be eliminated from the image by choosing appropriate number of iterations. In this research, the structural similarity index (SSI) is used to select the optimum number of iterations. As a result, in this research, it is attempted to use noise elimination methods that impose the lowest changes to the existing satellite’ s streak.

In the current state of colonization of near Earth space by satellites, there is an increasing need to know exactly the real status of occupation of this space. Thus, orbital parameters for all objects travelling in this space must be known with a high degree of accuracy, and this knowledge must be periodically updated, because this situation is always changing. Atmospheric drag, solar wind, moon and planetary gravitational perturbations, Earth oblateness, etc. are all sources of interference that generate orbital perturbations beyond what the best orbital model can predict. The solution is to periodically observe all the satellites, particularly the debris (because active satellites themselves contribute to maintain the knowledge of their orbital parameters), determine with precision their positions and update their known orbital parameters. There is a real need for sky surveillance in order to monitor either the satellites or the non-functional space objects for different purposes, such as to correct the satellites deviations from their trajectories, to detect uncataloged space debris objects and to avoid possible collisions. In order to define the location of the satellite in the sky and then to update its orbital parameters, an optical satellite tracking system can be designed which acquires sequences astronomical images from the sky. Such system is composed of many sensors like a telescope, a CCD camera, a GPS receiver, etc. Also, some reference data such as the star catalogues and the Two Lines Element (TLE) database are used. The telescope is used to search the sky and point to the satellite, precisely. The CCD camera acquires some sequences images in a current time provided by GPS. The star catalogues are employed to calibrate the image plane to the celestial coordinate systems. The TLE database contains the out-dated orbital parameters to estimate the satellite position. For this purpose an algorithms and software that can automatically detect and report the presence of satellite streaks in the acquired images are needed. The algorithms presented in this document were developed for this purpose. The image processing technique presented in this document is a collection of algorithms used to detect and classify everything that can be observed in the image, such as stars, satellite streaks and image artefacts. First due to the use of digital imagery, the quality of digital images is critical and affects the final product. Different noises in imaging phase could degrade the quality of image, for this purpose the non-linear diffusion filter has been used. This technique, is based on the use of partial differential equations, the idea behind the use of the diffusion equation in image processing arose from the use of the Gaussian filter in multi-scale image analysis. Second for the removal of the image background the stars have been detected using SIFT method. In this method the star's centers are extracted with sub-pixel precision, then they have been subtracted from image in an iteration producer. Third the clustering method has been applied for satellite streak detection. In this way the Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) which is a density-based clustering algorithm has been used, finally MSAC algorithm has been implemented for streak model extraction.

Introduction: In the current research, it has been tried to qualitatively study all kinds of policies and measures necessary for alignment between teacher preparation programs and democratic social education competencies under the model of teacher education curricula, which include: direct (official) curriculum, Indirect curriculum, informal curriculum (implicit) and unstructured curriculum (hidden) should be identified in the educational system. Method: Qualitative approach and phenomenological method were used in this research. The field of research is Farhangian University of Hormozgan and the participants are  13  lecturers of this university. The sampling method is a combination of convenience and snowball sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. The information was analyzed using thematic analysis method and then using MAXQDA software... Result: The information was analyzed using the theme analysis method and then using MAXQDA software in the form of 2  overarching themes, 8 organizing themes and 25  basic themes. The results of this research showed the basic policies and measures for teacher preparation programs, in the form of two components, strategies and solutions of teacher training curricula, separated by curricula (formal, informal, informal, unstructured curriculum) and with the goal of preparing The formation of teachers has been identified in the educational system to realize the competencies of democratic social education. Conclusion: Therefore, examining the opportunities, facilities, and resources available to achieve these actions should be on the agenda of decision makers and educational planners. It is necessary to pay special attention to the strategies and solutions of teacher training curricula.

Astronomical rights impose huge costs on society and at the same time, due to their complex form, most of them are difficult to detect and prosecute. Therefore, they require a decisive penal policy. This research, using a library method and answering the main question: How is the criminalization of astronomical rights in Islamic jurisprudence? , seeks to explain the criminalization of astronomical rights from a jurisprudential perspective. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and the information was collected in the form of receipts. According to the findings of the research, in Islamic law, wages are in return for work. In Islamic sources, three categories of livelihood-function-material, social and psychological needs are discussed regarding the payment of salaries to employees and workers. The prohibition of taking all wealth for nothing and the prohibition of cooperating in sin are among the most important religious principles of criminalizing astronomical rights in the present era. Based on these principles, any forbidden act is forbidden according to the rule of "al-ta'zir lakal haram" and the punishment that the Islamic ruler applies, considering the circumstances and sensitivity of the issue, is one of the situational effects of receiving astronomical rights. Human reason prohibits any harm. This prohibition has been extended to the prohibition of astronomical rights, considering the principles of the principle of no harm, in such a way that human reason, along with fairness, considers astronomical rights to be outside the custom and contrary to the astronomical function of the recipients and considers such receipts to be a crime. Since the rule of justice, the prohibition of disruption of the system, and the principle of trustworthiness fight against betrayal, oppression, and disorder, astronomical rights are considered examples of betrayal, oppression, and disruption in the system, and astronomical recipients are considered traitors and disruptors of the economic and political security of society.

Which place is an appropriate site for the construction of the Iranian National Observatory (INO)? In this paper part of the site selection process is reported. The emphasis is on the measuring of the seeing parameter for the pre-selected regions. These regions are examined by meteorological and geophysical studies and finally Kashan, Kerman, Qom and Ferdows sites were selected among 31 regions. To decide on the best site the seeing parameter had to be measured for the regions. To measure this parameter, one needs an astronomical seeing monitor. Designing and making a kind of seeing monitor and preparing the corresponding software is demonstrated and analysing of a sample of seeing data is discussed.

Like most nations, ancient Iranians pondered on the sun and stars. Beliefs and thoughts which were part of culture and myths were introduced to literature, too, and Persian literary men became almost familiar with astronomy, and brought terminology and concepts of the science in poetry and prose, so that name of stars, planets and constellations as well as public attitudes about them engulfed all of the Persian literature, and created the most glamorous concepts of fiction and fictional images. In this article astrology and beliefs about them (Khwaju Kermani's Khamseh) are studied in a library research method through descriptive-analysis.

Changes brought about by contemporary developments have not only led to transformation of many historical cities but also loss of plenty of scientific and pseudoscientific experiences of different historical periods. Today, these experiences in the world heritage can be assessed as a part of cultural wealth and intangible heritage. It is known that along with other sciences, astronomy was one of the fundamental aspects in the formation of past architectural productions in some ancient cities. This astronomical aspect in architectural products is rooted in a view beyond structure and place and is considered a part of the knowledge and habits of the time. This has also given a high status and position to important structures and cities. Accordingly, reexploring and recognizing the astronomical aspects of historical places and sites can promote knowledge of their hidden layers and guide the visitors to wider aspects of such an understanding. Naqsh-e Jahan Square, as one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, is among the most important urban architectural works in Iran and the symbol of the capital of the Safavid dynasty in Isfahan. Many studies have examined Naqsh-e Jahan from different views. It has been tried within this study to examine the alignment of Naqsh-e Jahan Square with the state of constellations in the sky at the time, recognizing and rereading astronomical considerations adopted in its construction. Two probable periods of time for laying the foundations of the Qeysarriyeh Bazaar (known as the Grand Bazaar) and Naqsh-e Jahan Square were extracted from the Safavid chronicles through descriptive-historical research. Next, the relationship between astrological beliefs and the architecture of this urban site was examined based on the astronomical principles using sky simulation software. The findings indicated a new inference on the accurate time of the planning of the square and the influence on its axis from its celestial view and perspective.

Entanglement of astronomy in astronomical rules and beliefs used to be the main reason of people’s tendency to this branch of knowledge and its high usages in daily life. Iranian’s tendency to astronomical beliefs has been reflected in Persian poems since Persian poets were not only familiar with astronomy but also raised in a society which used to believe strongly in astronomical beliefs. Therefore, pondering ancestors’ poem will show the course of astronomical belief changes and transformations in Iranian cultures and lifestyle. Emad Faqih Kermani is one of the most prominent speakers of eighth century who has worked on various poetry formats, he has composed a lot of poems in Divan and quintuple Masnavis, Panj Ganj. The present study is a kind of descriptive-analytical one which applies library sources. It aims to study and analyze Emad Faqih Kermani’s beliefs in terms of the application and function of astronomical beliefs. The findings reveal that astronomical beliefs has high varieties in which believing in Heavens, Four Elements, the effect of stars and cosmos in people’s destination, the Earth rotation and its circular form, omen and lucky star, and minstrelsy of Venus are more frequent. In fact, he has applied these beliefs to make themes in praise Qasidas, Tahmidiyes, odes, complains, etc. High frequency of astronomical beliefs in Emad’s poems indicates both the influence and popularity of these beliefs and his attention to culture and popular beliefs.